A Mass Of Dead Movie

Dead bodies of corona victims in Italy: A Twitter user. Bodies being dumped into mass graves as Italy's.

Until the September 11th attacks, the tragedy in Jonestown on November 18th, 1978 in a single non-natural event. It is unfathomable now, as it was then, that more than 900 Americans – members of a San Francisco-based religious group called the Peoples Temple – died after drinking poison at the urging of their leader, the Reverend Jim Jones, in a secluded South American jungle settlement.

Taken after the carnage forever document the sheer enormity of the event: the bodies of hundreds of people, including children, lying face down in the grass. Nearly 40 years later, the infamous and horrific event continues to fascinate us through numerous books, articles and documentaries.The story of Jonestown begins with Jones, a white minister who preached unconventional socialist and progressive ideas to a predominantly African-American congregation, called the Peoples Temple.

At the height of its popularity during the 1970s, and, including Harvey Milk. But by 1977, Jones had grown paranoid from the media scrutiny over the Temple’s suspicious activities, so he and his numerous followers moved to an agricultural settlement (a.k.a. Jonestown) in Guyana, the remote country east of Venezuela. RelatedConcern over the welfare of those in the jungle encampment prompted U.S. Congressman Leo Ryan to visit Jonestown in November 1978. After checking out the settlement, Ryan was shot to death along with four other people by Temple gunmen at an airstrip. Following those murders, Jones commanded his followers to drink cyanide-laced punch, starting with the children first.

In all, there were over 900 who died in Jonestown, including Jim Jones, who. There is speculation that he may have taken his own life, or that his nurse Annie Moore fatally shot him before she killed herself in the same manner.Decades later, survivors of Jonestown still remember being part of a church/organization that they devoted a good portion of their lives to. “The people were incredible,” says Jean Clancey, who worked on the Temple newspaper. “People who were capable of committing themselves to something outside of their own self-interests.” Adds Laura Johnston Kohl, another former Temple member, “We – all of us – were doing the right things but in the wrong place with the wrong leader.”Today, the legacy of Jonestown has been reduced to the popular expression of “drinking the Kool-Aid.” But the history of Jones and the Peoples Temple is much bigger than that somewhat inaccurate catchphrase.

As the tragedy approaches its 40th anniversary, here are 13 little-known facts about Jonestown.Jim Jones’ Cruelty and Madness Were Rooted in His ChildhoodPeople have wondered how Jim Jones, a man who preached racial and social equality, turned evil. But as Tim Reiterman explained in Raven, Jones’ dark qualities – his need to control people, his deceit, and his anger toward people who betray or abandon him – could be traced to his childhood in Indiana. A loner during his youth, Jim would entertain his playmates in the loft of his family’s barn and made them his captive audience (one time, he even locked up his young friends in the barn). He performed experiments on animals and conducted funerals for them.“I thought Jimmy was a really weird kid,” Jones’ childhood friend Chuck Wilmore recalled in the 2006 Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple.

“He was obsessed with religion; he was obsessed with death. A friend of mine told me that he saw Jimmy kill a cat with a knife.” According to Jeff Guinn’s book, The Road to Jonestown, Jones also had an early fascination with Adolf Hitler. “When Hitler committed suicide in April 1945, thwarting enemies who sought to capture and humiliate him, Jimmy was impressed,” he wrote. Jones to Move His Church to California Because He Feared Nuclear WarIn 1955, Jim Jones.

The church stood out for of its multiracial membership, which was quite revolutionary during a time of racial segregation. Sometime the early 1960s, Jones came across an that listed the nine safe places in the world in the event of a nuclear catastrophe. One of those cited was Eureka, California, which Esquire said that the city “escapes damages in the war games attack because it is west of the Sierras and upwind from every target in the United States.” Jones persuaded his congregation that they needed to leave for California and even warned of a nuclear attack that would happen on July 15, 1967.“Jones wanted others to adopt his apocalyptic vision,” Reiterman wrote in Raven. “In his grand castle of paranoia, justifiable concerns about thermonuclear war exploded into a doomsday scenario. He, like some latter-day Moses, would lead the people to live interracially.” Jones, his family and about 70 of his followers moved to Redwood Valley in northern California.

His church empire would later extend to San Francisco and Los Angeles by the mid 1970s.The Peoples Temple Members Were a Racially-Mixed Family Dedicated to Improving the WorldThe Peoples Temple is often branded as a cult whose members blindly devoted their allegiance to a man and a cause at the expense of their own selves and livelihoods. But a closer look at Jim Jones’ followers reveals a large and diverse mix of racial backgrounds and age groups who were drawn to the church’s progressive and activist ideals.

During their time in the Temple, these devoted and hard-working people performed altruistic deeds for the community, and some of them had turned their lives around by getting off of drugs and crime. “We all felt that we were a ‘family’ rather than a church,” says Kohl.“The people were the attraction of the Temple,” Kathryn Barbour says of her initiation into the group. “So much of it was revolving around Jim Jones, and he was the one who was always given the credit for everything, but the people were the attraction. It was amazing to be walking into a place and have African-Americans really warmly welcoming you and talking to you, and sharing stories with you. It was sweet.”. An African-American Preacher Showed Jim Jones the WayLooking to expand the reach of his organization, Jones frequently met with, a popular, if controversial, black evangelist and founder of the Peace Mission movement. Born sometime in the early 1880s, Father Divine started a religious movement in the 1910s that drew huge numbers of worshippers.

As described in Raven, a judge suddenly died shortly after handing down the preacher a prison sentence for being a public nuisance. (“I hated to do it,” Divine reportedly responded).Father Divine, who lived in an estate in Pennsylvania with his wife Mother Divine, possessed the qualities that Jones mirrored for himself and the Peoples Temple: He had a multiracial congregation, believed in racial equality and preached the. After the death of Father Divine in 1965, Jones made an unsuccessful power grab for the Peace Mission organization during his visit to Divine’s estate, even going so far as to claim he was the reincarnation of the late preacher.

Mother Divine responded by kicking him and his followers out, but not before Jones managed to poach a very small number of Peace Mission members to join him on the bus ride back to California, according to Reiterman’s book.Jim Jones Claimed He Was the Only Heterosexual on EarthJones didn’t always practice what he preached in his personal life. In December 1973, he was at a Los Angeles movie theater. And during his final months in Jonestown, Jones was. A married man who adopted children of different racial backgrounds, Jones also engaged in sexual relations with some of his female and male followers.“Jim said that all of us were homosexuals,” Joyce Houston, an ex-Temple follower, said in the Jonestown documentary. “Everyone except him. He was the only heterosexual on the planet, and that the women were all lesbians; the guys were all gay. And so anyone who showed in interest in sex was just compensating.”Tim Carter, another ex-member, says that Jones hated romantic relationships within the Peoples Temple because they were seen as a threat to the cause and that the members should be focused on their work.

“My wife Gloria and I were one of those couples who never really talked to each other about what our true feelings were about Jones,” he says, “or anything else, because we were afraid that the other one might get called up to the carpet.”. The Peoples Temple Had a Pet Chimpanzee Named Mr.

Muggs was a chimpanzee Jim Jones claimed he had rescued from scientific experiments, though according to Jeff Guinn’s The Road in Jonestown, Jones may have actually purchased Muggs from a pet store. (In his Indiana days, Jones once sold pet monkeys door to door).

Muggs became sort of a mascot for the Temple under the care of Joyce Touchette, whose family were devoted members to the Temple.A 1973 article from the Temple Reporter, the church’s publication, told Muggs’ story: “Only 18 months old, he has the intelligence of a four year old child It may sound anthropomorphic, but Muggs will follow every command of Pastor Jones, and will defend him when anyone comes up casually to pet the chimpanzee.” Like so many other victims, Mr. Muggs met a tragic end on Jonestown’s last day – the chimpanzee.A 6-Year-Old Boy Was the Catalyst That Led to the TragedyTim and Grace Stoen were a married couple and followers of Jim Jones during the Temple’s early years in California; Tim was an attorney for the Temple, and Grace was a member of Jones’ inner circle. In 1972, Grace gave birth to a boy named John Victor Stoen, and Jones claimed to be the father. Complicating matters about the paternity, When Grace defected from the church in 1976, she left her son with Jones, fearing that her life and John’s were in danger. Together she and Tim, who left the church a year later, sought to get John back through the U.S.

By that time, John was already in Guyana, and Jones adamantly refused to hand him over, despite court orders that he must do so. The dispute over John’s paternity symbolized the bitter conflict between the Temple and its opponents: If the Stoens prevailed in getting John back, it would signal the loss of Jones’ far-reaching power over his people and galvanize other relatives of Temple members seeking the return of their loved ones from Jonestown. In the end, John Victor Stoen was among approximately found dead in Jonestown.Leo Ryan Was a ‘Hard-Charging’ Maverick CongressmanOne of the forgotten people of the Jonestown tragedy is California Congressman Leo Ryan. A Democrat, Ryan was an unconventional politician: He once had himself briefly incarcerated at Folsom State Prison to see what the prison conditions were like, and he went to Canada to investigate the hunting of baby seals. Ryan became involved in the Peoples Temple issue after hearing his constituents’ concerns that their relatives were possibly being held against their will in Jonestown. He wrote requesting an invitation to visit the settlement, a move that Jones and his followers vehemently opposed but to which they later acquiesced. Ryan traveled to Jonestown accompanied by several journalists and relatives of Temple members.

During Ryan’s visit in Jonestown, a few settlers told the congressman that they wanted to return to the States, an act that Jones saw as a betrayal. Afterwards when Ryan, the defectors, and the journalists were waiting at the Port Kaituma airstrip for planes to take them home, a truck arrived carrying Temple gunmen who then opened fire.

When the shooting stopped, the congressman and four people were killed, while several others were injured. In his memory, Ryan in 1983, and, California was named after him in 2009.

“Leo Ryan was the real deal,” said his former aide Jackie Speier, and is now a U.S. “He carried around with him a righteous indignation and passion for the powerless of society and didn’t shy away from questioning the status quo He didn’t win all his battles, but to Leo, the fight was as important as the outcome.”It Wasn’t Kool-Aid That Poisoned the Temple MembersAfter the attack on Congressman Ryan and his party at the Port Kaituma airstrip, Jones urged his more than 900 followers in Jonestown that they had to commit suicide or else the Guyanese military will come in and take their children away. From a vat, his people drank the cyanide-laced punch, which birthed the phrase “drinking the Kool-Aid,” referring to those who blindly and foolishly follow something. But it wasn’t actual Kool-Aid that was used in the suicides called Flavor-Aid.

The reference to “Kool-Aid” could be traced to the early reporting in the days after the tragedy, such. Today, the phrase “drinking the Kool Aid” to Temple survivors and relatives.“Itstill hurts every time I hear it,” Juanell Smart, whose four children, mother and uncle died in the tragedy, said in The Road to Jonestown. “I hated that people laughed when they said it, like what happened was somehow funny.”In the 2005 book Dear People: Remembering Jonestown, survivor Mike Carter said he was deeply offended when he first heard that remark: “I thought, ‘How can these people trivialize such a horrific event as the mass suicide/murder of over 900 people.' ” And Terri Buford, a Temple defector, said the phrase makes her shudder. “I know it’s part of the culture now,” she said in, “and I shouldn’t be so sensitive to it.

But Jonestown was an important part of American history, and it’s been marginalized.”. An Elderly Woman Slept Through the Whole OrdealAmid the hundreds and hundreds of deaths, there were a number of survivors in Jonestown On the morning of November 18, 1978, hours before the dramatic events unfolded, a group of 11 Temple members – including a mother and her three-year-old son – under the pretense of.

Two men, Stanley Clayton and Odell Rhodes, through a combination of luck and deception. Three other Temple members, Mike Prokes and brothers Tim and Mike Carter, were sent out on a mission by Jim Jones’ aide to deliver a suitcase of money to the Soviet Embassy. And there were many followers at the Temple outpost in Georgetown, Guyana, and the church’s San Francisco headquarters who didn’t heed Jim Jones’ suicide order.One of the most remarkable stories of survival from Jonestown belongs to Hyacinth Thrash, an elderly African-American woman who slept inside her cabin throughout the whole ordeal. She woke up the following morning and walked over to a senior citizens’ building where she saw bodies covered in sheets; her sister Zipporah Edwards was among the dead. In her memoir The Onliest One Alive, published in 1995, Thrash recalled: “There were all of those dead being put in bags people I’d known and loved God knows I never wanted to be there in the first place. I never wanted to go to Guyana to die I didn’t think Jim would do a thing like that. He let us down.”A Farewell Note May Have Came From Richard Tropp, One of the DeadAt least two farewell notes were left behind at Jonestown, including, a teacher and writer for the Temple.

That letter eloquently explained why it was necessary for the Temple members to commit suicide, and that Jim Jones didn’t order the attack on Congressman Ryan and his party. The letter concludes: “If nobody understands, it matters not. I am ready to die now. Darkness settles over Jonestown on its last day on earth.”However, some survivors today dispute that Tropp wrote that farewell note. Tim Carter, who is one of those doubters, says that on the day of the tragedy he witnessed Tropp arguing with Jones against the suicide plan before Jones made his speech to his followers in the Jonestown pavilion. “The reason it doesn’t resonate,” Carter explains, “is because it was not written from somebody who was completely against what was happening. It does not jive with the Dick that I saw around 5 o’clock in the afternoon or whatever that time was.

It was well written. I could see Dick writing something like that, but the words that were in that seemed very peaceful and very accepting and very kind of pro-everybody dying.

That’s not where Dick was coming from.”Other Temple Survivors Experienced Their Own Tragedies After JonestownFollowing Jonestown, and the widespread media coverage that followed, former Temple members – including those who had lost loved ones – initially struggled to resume their lives. Others had their own personal tragedies after the cataclysmic event. In 1979, Mike Prokes, the Temple’s media relations man who escaped death in Jonestown, called a press conference in a California motel room to defend the Temple. With a gunshot to the head.Husband and wife Al and Jeannie Mills, who were prominent defectors and opponents of Jones, a crime that has remained unsolved. Paula Adams, a former Temple staff member, by her ex-lover Laurence Mann, a former Guyanese ambassador to the U.S., who then killed himself.

A year later, Tyrone Mitchell, whose parents and siblings died in Jonestown, killing one person and injuring more than 10 others before fatally shooting himself. And Chad Rhodes, whose mother Juanita Bogue,; around the time of Jonestown’s 30th anniversary, Rhodes was reportedly serving life in prison without parole.Some Think It Was Mass Murder, Not Mass SuicideWhile the general view of what happened was a mass suicide because people lined up to take the poisoned drink, there have been arguments from witnesses and former Temple members that it was really mass murder. Long before the actual event, Jones had his followers drink what they initially believed was poison as a test of loyalty to him, which in hindsight was a rehearsal for what would later happen.

When Jones implemented the actual suicide plan in Jonestown, there were armed guards with guns and crossbows to ensure that nobody was getting out alive. Some victims were found to have marks on their bodies, suggesting they were injected with the poison. Adding to the mass murder argument is that numerous young children died in Jonestown who couldn’t possibly know what they were doing.One of the proponents for the mass murder view is Raven author Tim Reiterman, who, as a reporter for the San Francisco Examiner, was injured during the shooting attack on Congressman Ryan at the airstrip. “Jones put all the pieces in place for a last act of self-destruction,” he wrote, “then gave the order to kill the children first, sealing everyone’s fate.”Tim Carter, who lost his wife and baby son in Jonestown, also concurs that it was mass murder. “Jones was going to kill everybody, no matter what,” he says.

“There were so many lies that Jones told to people to create a state of siege mentality in the community, that even those that were making ‘a principled stand of revolutionary suicide’ probably were influenced a lot by the lies that he was telling them.”The Jonestown Massacre killed the largest number of American civilians in a non-natural even preceding the September 11th attacks. Watch archival footage of the massacre and survivors recount the American tragedy below.

The 21 grams experiment refers to a scientific study published in 1907 by Duncan MacDougall, a physician from Haverhill, Massachusetts. MacDougall hypothesized that souls have physical weight, and attempted to measure the mass lost by a human when the soul departed the body. MacDougall attempted to measure the mass change of six patients at the moment of death. One of the six subjects lost three-fourths of an ounce (21.3 grams).

MacDougall stated his experiment would have to be repeated many times before any conclusion could be obtained. The experiment is widely regarded as flawed and unscientific due to the small sample size, the methods used, as well as the fact only one of the six subjects met the hypothesis.^[1] The case has been cited as an example of selective reporting. Despite its rejection within the scientific community, MacDougall's experiment popularized the concept that the soul has weight, and specifically that it weighs 21 grams.

Experiment[edit]

In 1901, Duncan MacDougall, a physician from Haverhill, Massachusetts, who wished to scientifically determine if a soul had weight, identified six patients in nursing homes whose deaths were imminent. Four were suffering from tuberculosis, one from diabetes, and one from unspecified causes. MacDougall specifically chose people who were suffering from conditions that caused physical exhaustion, as he needed the patients to remain still when they died to measure them accurately. When the patients looked like they were close to death, their entire bed was placed on an industrial sized scale that was sensitive within two tenths of an ounce (5.6 grams).^[1][2][3]Berserk and the band of the hawk wiki. On the belief that humans have souls and that animals do not, MacDougall later measured the changes in weight from fifteen dogs after death. MacDougall said he wished to use dogs that were sick or dying for his experiment, though was unable to find any. It is therefore presumed he poisoned healthy dogs.^[3][4][5]

Results[edit]

One of the patients lost weight but then put the weight back on, and two of the other patients registered a loss of weight at death but a few minutes later lost even more weight. One of the patients lost 'three-fourths of an ounce' (21.3 grams) in weight, coinciding with the time of death. MacDougall disregarded the results of another patient on the grounds the scales were 'not finely adjusted', and discounted the results of another as the patient died while the equipment was still being calibrated. MacDougall reported that none of the dogs lost any weight after death.^[1][4]

While MacDougall believed that the results from his experiment showed the human soul might have weight, his report, which was not published until 1907, stated the experiment would have to be repeated many times before any conclusion could be obtained.^[4][5]

Reaction[edit]

Before MacDougall was able to publish the results of his experiments, The New York Times broke the story in an article titled 'Soul has Weight, Physician Thinks'.^[6] MacDougall's results were published in April of the same year in the Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research,^[7] and the medical journal American Medicine.^[8]

David & Judith Poehlein formed the group The King`s Crusaders in 1975 singing Southern Gospel and continue that tradition today. We enjoy singing a mixture of old & new songs. We do not charge a fee but accept love offerings and the blessings we receive from singing about our Lord & what He has done for us and what He will do for you. Take part in the Monarch’s journey in Crusader Kings II and unlock rewards that you can use in Crusader Kings III. Sign up now and receive the Olds Gods Expansion for free. Refer friends and receive a free wallpaper, forum icon & the Pagan Fury Warrior Queen Music Pack for free. By Kenneth W. Harl, Ph.D., Tulane University The Third Crusade is perhaps the most memorable Crusade, even more so than the First Crusade, because it included the three great kings of Europe—the kings of England, France, and Germany—as actual participants. The kings crusaders. The King’s Crusade is a real-time strategy game that places you in the era of the Third Crusade, spanning the years 1189-1192. Control and upgrade the leaders and their armies, lead your men into fierce battles, complete the objectives of the campaign by guiding various historical factions through political events, collect relics, and unlock. The Kings' Crusade (formerly Lionheart: Kings' Crusade) is a real-time strategy video game with elements of role-playing. It was developed by NeocoreGames, and was published in October 2010 by Paradox Interactive. In Russia the game was published by 1C Company and Snowball Studios called Kings' Crusade.

Criticism[edit]

Following the publication of the experiment in American Medicine, physician Augustus P. Clarke criticized the experiment's validity. Clarke noted that at the time of death there is a sudden rise in body temperature as the lungs are no longer cooling blood, causing a subsequent rise in sweating which could easily account for MacDougall’s missing 21 grams. Clarke also pointed out that, as dogs do not have sweat glands, they would not lose weight in this manner after death.^[2][3] Clarke's criticism was published in the May issue of American Medicine. Arguments between MacDougall and Clarke debating the validity of the experiment continued to be published in the journal until at least December that year.^[3]

MacDougall's experiment has been rejected by the scientific community,^[1][5] and he has been accused of both flawed methods and outright fraud in obtaining his results.^[9] Noting that only one of the six patients measured supported the hypothesis, Karl Kruszelnicki has stated the experiment is a case of selective reporting, as MacDougall ignored the majority of the results. Kruszelnicki also criticized the small sample size, and questioned how MacDougall was able to determine the exact moment when a person had died considering the technology available at the time.^[1] Physicist Robert L. Park has written that MacDougall's experiments 'are not regarded today as having any scientific merit',^[5] and psychologist Bruce Hood wrote that 'because the weight loss was not reliable or replicable, his findings were unscientific'.^[9] Professor Richard Wiseman said that within the scientific community, the experiment is confined to a 'large pile of scientific curiosities labelled 'almost certainly not true'.^[2]

An article by Snopes in 2013 said the experiment was flawed because the methods used were suspect, the sample size was much too small, and the capability to measure weight changes too imprecise, concluding: 'credence should not be given to the idea his experiments proved something, let alone that they measured the weight of the soul as 21 grams.'^[4] The fact that MacDougall likely poisoned and killed fifteen healthy dogs in an attempt to support his research has also been a source of criticism.^[3][4]

Aftermath[edit]

In 1911 The New York Times reported that MacDougall was hoping to run experiments to take photos of souls, but he appears to not have continued any further research into the area and died in 1920.^[4] His experiment has not been repeated.^[5]

Similar experiments[edit]

In December 2001, physicistLewis E. Hollander Jr. published an article in Journal of Scientific Exploration where he exhibited the results of a similar experiment. He tested the weight of one ram, seven ewes, three lambs and one goat at the moment of death, seeking to explore upon MacDougall's purported findings. His experiment showed that seven of the adult sheep varied their weight upon dying, though not losing it, but rather gaining an amount of 18 to 780 grams, which was lost again over time until returning to their initial weight.^[10]

In 2009, this experiment was subjected to critical review by Masayoshi Ishida in the same journal. Ishida found Hollander's statement of a transient gain of weight was 'not an appropriate expression of the experimental result', though he admitted 'the cause of the force event remains to be explained'. He also warned about possible malfunctions of the weighing platform in two of the cases.^[11]

Similarly inspired by MacDougall's research, physician Gerard Nahum proposed in 2005 a follow-up experiment, based on utilizing an array of electromagnetic detectors to try to pick up any type of escaping energy at the moment of death. He offered to sell his idea to engineering, physics, and philosophy departments at Yale, Stanford, and Duke universities, as well as the Catholic Church, but he was rejected.^[12]

In popular culture[edit]

Despite its rejection as scientific fact, MacDougall's experiment popularized the idea that the soul has weight, and specifically that it weighs 21 grams.^[1][5] Most notably, '21 Grams' was taken as the title of a film in 2003, which references the experiment.^[2][4][5]

The concept of a soul weighing 21 grams is mentioned in numerous media, including a 2013 issue of the manga Gantz,^[13] a 2013 podcast of Welcome to Night Vale^[14] and the 2015 film The Empire of Corpses.^[15] Songs entitled '21 Grams' which reference the weight of a soul have been released by Niykee Heaton (2015),^[16]Fedez (2015) and the Thundamentals (2017). Travis Scott references the concept in the song 'No Bystanders', released in 2018. MacDougall and his experiments are explicitly mentioned in the 1978 documentary film Beyond and Back,^[17] and episode five of the first season of Dark Matters: Twisted But True.^[18] A fictional American scientist named 'Mr. MacDougall' appears in Gail Carriger's 2009 novel Soulless, as an expert in the weight and measurement of souls.^[19]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abcdefKruszelnicki, Karl (2006). Great Mythconceptions: The Science Behind the Myths. Andrews McMeel Publishing. pp. 199–201. ISBN9780740753640.
2. ^ ^abcdWiseman, Richard (1 April 2011). Paranormality: Why We see What Isn't There. Macmillan. pp. 32–34. ISBN978-1743038383.
3. ^ ^abcdeRoach, Mary (6 September 2012). Stiff: The Curious Lives of Human Cadavers. Penguin. ISBN978-0241965016.
4. ^ ^abcdefgMikkelson, Barbara; Mikkelson, David P. (27 October 2003). 'Weight of the Soul'. Snopes. Archived from the original on 30 June 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
5. ^ ^abcdefgPark, Rober L. (22 September 2008). Superstition: Belief in the Age of Science. Princeton University Press. pp. 102–103. ISBN978-1400828777.
6. ^'Soul has Weight, Physician Thinks'. The New York Times. 11 March 1907. Archived from the original on 17 July 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
7. ^MacDougall, Duncan (1907). 'Hypothesis Concerning Soul Substance Together With Experimental Evidence of the Existence of Such a Substance'. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research. 1 (1): 237. ISBN9785874496289.
8. ^MacDougall, Duncan (April 1907). 'The Soul: Hypothesis Concerning Soul Substance Together with Experimental Evidence of the Existence of Such Substance'. American Medicine. 2: 240–243.
9. ^ ^abHood, Bruce (1 June 2009). Supersense: From Superstition to Religion – The Brain Science of Belief. Hachette. p. 151. ISBN978-1849012461.
10. ^Hollander, Lewis E., Jr. 'Unexplained Weigh Gain Transients at the Moment of Death'. Journal of Scientific Exploration 15 (4): 495-500
11. ^Ishida, Masayoshi. 'A New Experimental Approach to Weight Change Experimentsat the Moment of Death with a Review of Lewis E. Hollander’s Experiments on Sheep'. Journal of Scientific Exploration, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 5–28, 2009
12. ^Bosveld, Jane (12 June 2007). 'Soul Search: Will natural science pin down our supernatural essence?'. Discover magazine. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
13. ^Hiroya Oku (w, a). 'Gantz' Where the Missing Mass Goes 372: 12 (19 March 2013)
14. ^'Faceless Old Woman' (Podcast). Welcome to Night Vale. No. 26. 1 July 2013. Proverb 1: The human soul weighs 21 grams, smells like grilled vegetables, looks like a wrinkled tartan quilt, and sounds like bridge traffic.
15. ^Sum, Ed (16 February 2016). 'A Historical Analysis & Review into The Empire of Corpses'. Otaku no Culture. Archived from the original on 16 July 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
16. ^Wass, Mike (10 August 2015). 'Niykee Heaton Gets Serious With Dark, Sprawling '21 Grams': Listen'. Idolator. Archived from the original on 16 July 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
17. ^Beyond and Back (Documentary film). 1978.
18. ^21 Grams, Missing Cosmonauts, Sound of Death (TV episode). Dark Matters: Twisted But True. 28 September 2011.
19. ^Carriger, Gail (2 September 2010). Soulless: Book 1 of The Parasol Protectorate. Hachette. ISBN978-0748121489.

External links[edit]